MiiPC - Power to the Parents! by ZeroDesktop, Inc — Kickstarter

source: MiiPC - Power to the Parents! by ZeroDesktop, Inc — Kickstarter

The next generation Android PC for your family with a companion parental control mobile app.

 

•  Launched: Mar 25, 2013
•  Funding ends: May 9, 2013
•  Remind me

We want to provide a simple and effective way for families to take back control of the online experience.

Traditional software or hardware solutions simply block kids from going to certain websites. This is inherently limiting and it also does not address what we believe is a key challenge with kids and the Internet: its addictiveness. 

Social networks, apps, video sites and games... kids now have more chances than ever to skip their homework and play online. Parents have previously been relatively powerless to do anything about this - until now.

What is MiiPC?  

MiiPC(tm) is a compact personal computing device that runs on the Android® operating system. Connect MiiPC to a computer monitor (or TV) and instantly turn it into a learning, media and entertainment station. It is designed for large screen connectivity and optimized to provide a true keyboard and mouse experience.

MiiPC is a compact yet powerful Android PC

Running the latest version of Android's Jelly Bean 4.2 OS, the MiiPC user can surf the web, play games, watch videos, edit documents, and run Android apps. You can even let MiiPC be your host for a family movie night. Just hook up your big screen TV using our built-in HDMI output and use Netflix or other popular apps to watch your favorite flicks. Simply set up different user accounts for each person in your family and each user will have their own private MiiPC desktop. 

MiiPC includes a multi-user account feature, and is optimized for desktop PC-like keyboard and mouse operation

Companion Mobile App (iOS and Android)

A companion mobile app provides parental control for MiiPC. You can set guidelines for kids' online activities and get real-time monitoring. Help keep your children safe and eliminate everyday hassles by defining who gets to use the device at what time and specifying the apps & websites that your kid can access. 

FREE companion mobile app for iPhone® and Android® smartphone

Making sure your kids do their homework (and have time to play games too!)

Kids - and parents - often do not realize how much time they spend on each website or app. Even more concerning a parent may not even know what their kids have been doing online. There is an amazing wealth of good and valuable information. But there are also a lot of places you would never want your kids to visit.

MiiPC provides the necessary tools to help parents meet these challenges and create a safe and relaxed environment for your family computing.

MiiPC adapts to different ages of children really well. The built-in time management feature allows older children, such as those in high school, to become more productive by providing feedback on their usage. And for the younger kids mobile controls give parents the ability to structure a nurturing and safe environment with real-time monitoring.

Easy-to-use parental control app for real-time monitoring, time-limit control and reviewing usage.

Users can see their activities for productivity measurement

#Update (3/27): Engadget's article for MiiPC with video and latest screenshots are here

Why we as parents needed to create MiiPC

We have created MiiPC as parents first. We want our children to enjoy the fruits of the internet, knowledge, apps at their finger tips and for them to relax playing suitable games. But we also don't want them watching disturbing videos or play violent games that could cause nightmares. You would think twice about letting young kids even see the darker Harry Potter movies, so why shouldn't you take the same approach online?

"Our mission is to create a simple and effective way for families to take back control of online experiences, letting MiiPC create a safe and relaxed environment for your family computing"

Fully featured peripheral interface on the backside and powerful SoC based Android motherboard

The Technical Bit

Desktop Computing Experience:

• Powerful and optimized for fast internet surfing, an accurate web experience (instead of mobile sites with big fonts) flash content support, customize your own desktop, drag & drop ... and more
• Large screen monitor that gives true desktop PC resolution (up to 1920x1080)
• Multiuser log-in for family members (or you can use this as a public kiosk for visitors)
• Super smooth movie and video playback using the latest Android Jelly Bean 4.2 OS
• Miracast Receiver - remote wireless display video feeds from Miracase enabled devices (tablets, phones) through MiiPC to the big screen (Monitor or TV)
• Free bundled productivity software such as KingSoft Office suite, Splashtop2 to connect to other PC or Mac, eReader, Multimedia players... and more

Technical Specifications:

• Processor: Marvell® New Armada® Dual Core 1.2GHz SoC / Memory: 1GB RAM (option to 2GB shall be provided)
• Storage: 4GB Internal Flash (expandable via SD Slot and USB port)
• Connectivity: WiFi (802.11 b/g/n), 10/100Mb Ethernet, and Bluetooth® wireless technology (4.0)
• I/O: 2 USB 2.0 Ports, Speaker & Microphone Jack, HDMI (1080p/720p) output 

MiiPC includes Main Unit, Power Adapter, and Quick Guide.  (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor and HDMI cable sold separately)

Here is what the press is saying about MiiPC

Timeline:

Our production schedule is as follows:

Frank Pesek (Chief Architect), Young Song (Founder & CEO), Richard Sah (Chief Product Officer) @San Mateo HQ

The Team:

Our core management team collectively have more than 75 years as professionals in the computer industry. We have experience as founders of several successful startups. Our expertise spans hardware and software systems and consulting for large scale projects including some Fortune 100 companies. We designed these hardware and software (backend and apps) by ourselves and products shall be made in Korea. We know what it takes to bring a project home. And we all have families and kids - some are all grown-up and some are just starting out. So we certainly have firsthand experience in dealing with these problems.

---

Trademark Disclaimer: MiiPC(TM) and its logo are trademarks of ZeroDesktop, Inc. The Bluetooth® word mark is registered trademark owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. Google and Android are registered trademarks of Google Inc. Marvell and Armada are registered trademarks of Marvell Technology Group Ltd. Other trademarks are those of their respective owners.

Risks and challengesLearn about accountability on Kickstarter

Making affordable computing has always been our vision. Our founder - Young Song has successfully co-founded eMachines, the low-cost computer brand that pioneered affordable PC ownership and Internet adoption for consumers, and NComputing that leverages PC power and cloud computing to create a shared computing resource that connects multiple users at a low cost. Designing projects and working with manufacturers to bring out products to the masses is in our blood. We founded ZeroDesktop Inc. 3 years ago to bring cloud computing and unified workspace to individual and families by building up our sophisticated back-end infrastructure which becomes the foundation of MiiPC infrastruture.

Today we have a fully functioning MiiPC device prototype completed with working server and client architecture. We're refining the MiiPC front end user interface. The app itself is nearly finished and we have already overcome the most difficult technical challenges.
Below are a couple of remaining challenges that we will tackle:

- Regulatory certification (e.g. CE, FCC)
We expect MiiPC will be shipped worldwide through the Kickstarter project. We will be required to go through necessary regulatory certifications such as CE and FCC for the regional market. Though we are familiar with the regulatory certification process, there could be risks that the certification may take longer than expect, which could potentially cause project delay.

- Procurement delay in certain electronic components
We have finalized our hardware bill-of-material for the MiiPC platform. Depends on the initial shipping volume, different electronic components may have different lead-time for different volume purchase. There could be risks that certain components may experience longer lead time than expected and potentially cause project delay.

We are passionate about this project. We are committed to providing the next generation family PC into your hands from July15th. So please go back to the top of the page and pledge now.

Thank you!

Painting by dan beard

source: http://ineedaguide.blogspot.it/2012/06/dan-beard.html

dan beard

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paintings by dan beard

Painting by kwangho shin

source: http://ineedaguide.blogspot.jp/2013/03/kwangho-shin.html

MONDAY, MARCH 25, 2013

kwangho shin

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paintings by kwangho shin

Painting by jake blake

source: http://ineedaguide.blogspot.jp/2013/03/jake-blake.html

I need a guide: jake blake

THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 2013

jake blake

Share on stumbleupon

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drawings by jake blake

Edvard Munch: 1863-1944

Edvard Munch: 1863-1944

source : http://www.dailyartfixx.com/2012/12/12/edvard-munch-1863-1944/

Edvard Munch: 1863-1944

December 12, 2012 By Wendy Campbell Leave a Comment

Born on December 12, 1863, in the village of Ådalsbruk in Løten, Norway, Edvard Munch was a symbolist painter, printmaker and draughtsman, and is recognized as an important precursor of the Expressionist movement.

In 1879 Munch studied engineering at Kristiania Technical College where he learned scaled and perspective drawing. He was absent much of the time however due to frequent illness. In 1881, Munch decided to become a painter and studied for one year at the Royal School of Design. Upon leaving school, Munch rented a studio with a group of colleagues in Karl Johan Street, in the centre of the city.

In these early years, Munch experimented with different styles includingNaturalism and Impressionism. In 1889, he had his first solo show and the recognition he received led to a two-year state scholarship to study in Paris under French painter Léon Bonnat.

Munch was impressed by the modern European art in Paris.  He was particularly influenced Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec and their methods of using colour to convey emotion.

By 1892, Munch had developed his own unique form of Synthetism where colour was the symbol – laden element. In that same year, the Union of Berlin Artists invited him to exhibit at its autumn exhibition. His paintings however, created a bitter controversy (dubbed “The Munch Affair”) and the exhibition closed after only one week. The “Affair” also gave Munch a great deal of publicity and he was invited to exhibit in other parts of Germany.

Apart from summers in Norway, Munch remained in Germany for three years.  While there, he sketched out most of the ideas for his major work ” The Frieze of Life” a series of paintings in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholy. His best known painting, “The Scream”, was also painted during this time (1893).

Munch learned to make drypoints in 1894 and he printed his first colour lithographs and woodcuts in 1896. His method of woodcutting was innovative using the structure of the wood itself, emphasizing the expressiveness of the material.  His woodcuts had a significant influence on later artists, particularly the German Expressionists.

In 1896, Munch moved to Paris, where he continued to develop his woodcut techniques. Many  Parisian critics still considered his work “violent and brutal” but his exhibitions were well attended and he received considerable attention.

After constant travel in France and Germany, and a dramatic romance with a Norwegian woman, Tulla Larsen, Munch entered the sanatorium of Kornhaug in Gudbrandsdalen in 1899–1900 to restore his nervous and physical strength.

In 1902 Munch achieved a definitive breakthrough in Berlin.  “The Frieze of Life” was exhibited at the Berlin Secession which led to artistic recognition and financial success. His Paris Salon exhibitions in 1903 and 1904  attracted considerable attention but his greatest success at this time, however, was his exhibition in Prague in 1905.  Also during this time, Munch received many commissions for portraits and prints which improved his financial condition.

In 1908, Munch’s physical and psychological health broke down – his excessive alcohol consumption and brawling had become severe.  He entered the sanitorium of Dr. Daniel Jacobsen in Copenhagen where he received treatment for the next eight months. During this time, he continued a series of full-length portraits, arranged sales of works to Norwegian collectors and prepared for a retrospective exhibition in Kristiania.

Munch’s loyalties were divided at the onset of WWI, as he stated, “All my friends are German but it is France that I love.” In the 1930s, his German patrons, many Jewish, lost their fortunes and some their lives during the rise of the Nazis. His art was removed from German museums and classified as “degenerate”.

By the time Germany invaded and occupied Norway in 1940, Munch was living an isolated existence on his estate in Ekely, Oslo.  Norwegian museums also removed his paintings and prints from view. With nearly an entire collection of his art in the second floor of his house, Munch feared Nazi confiscation. Seventy-one of the paintings previously taken by the Nazis had returned to Norway through purchases by collectors.

Munch became ill after an explosion at a munitions depot near Ekely broke the windows in his house. He died on January 23, 1944.

In his will he bequeathed over 1000 paintings, 15,400 prints, and a large number of their plates, 5000 watercolours and drawings, and 6 sculptures to the Municipality of Oslo. The collection went on view to the public after the opening of the Munch-Museet in Oslo in 1963.

paul Cézanne The most expensive Art in the world

Paul Cézanne: 1839-1906

source: http://www.dailyartfixx.com/2013/01/19/paul-cezanne-1839-1906/

Paul Cézanne: 1839-1906

January 19, 2013 By Wendy Campbell Leave a Comment

Born on January 19, 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France, Paul Cézanne is considered by many to be one of the most important painters of the second half of the 19th century. From 1849 – 1852,  he studied at the Ecole Saint-Joseph and from 1852 to 1858 at the Collège Bourbon. In 1857 he attended  the Ecole Municipale de Dessin in Aix-en-Provence, where he studied under Joseph Gibert. In 1859,  to satisfy his father’s wishes, he began to study law at the Université d’Aix. He also attended the Ecole Municipale de Dessin again from 1858 – 1861. In 1861 Cézanne abandoned his law studies and moved to Paris to pursue his career as a painter.

In 1862 Cézanne met Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir with whom he formed lasting friendships. In 1863, his paintings were shown in the Salon des Refusés, which exhibited works rejected by the Paris Salon.  The Salon rejected all of Cézanne’s submissions between 1864 to 1869.

With the onset of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Cézanne returned to Aix-en-Provence and then L’Estaque, where he continued painting. In the 1870′s he was influenced by Impressionism, particularly the work of Camille Pissarro.   Like the Impressionists, Cézanne considered the study of nature essential to painting, however, he opposed many aspects of the Impressionist aesthetic. “Believing colour and form to be inseparable, he tried to emphasize structure and solidity in his work, features he thought neglected by Impressionism. For this reason he was a central figure in Post-impressionism.” In 1874, he participated in the first Impressionist Exhibition, as well as the third in 1877.

In 1882 the Salon accepted his work for the first and only time. Beginning in 1883 Cézanne lived in the South of France, returning to Paris occasionally.  Cézanne’s first solo show was held at Ambroise Vollard’s gallery in Paris in 1895. Following that exhibition,  his recognition increased, and in 1899 he participated in the Salon des Indépendants in Paris. In 1900 he participated in the Centennial Exhibition in Paris and, in 1903, the Berlin and Vienna Secessions. In 1904 he exhibited at the Salon d’Automne, Paris and had a solo exhibition at the Galerie Cassirer in Berlin.

Between 1883 and 1895, Cézanne’s paintings accented mass and structure, and his composition therefore became more architectural. His move away from Impressionism stemmed from his belief that a painter must interpret as well as record the scene before him. His brushstrokes became broader and thicker, and the use of a palette knife was sometimes evident.

In the final years of Cézanne’s life,  many of his landscapes “emphasized the rough appearance of sites, mixing wild vegetation with rocks in unusual, asymmetric framing. His composition became less serene and his colour more violent.” In several works, parts of the canvas were left bare and were painted with highly diluted oils. His fascination with nature continued but “the objective sought is no longer to describe reality but to express a spiritual concept”.

Cézanne rarely dated and often did not sign his paintings making it difficult to determine the chronology of his works with any precision.  In his last years his work began to influence many younger artists, including the Fauvists and the Cubists. His influence reached well into the 20th century as well.

Paul Cézanne died of pneumonia on October 22, 1906. He was buried in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence.

콧물 멈추는법

콧물이 2주 연속 멈추지 않아 민간 요법으로 해결할 수 있는 방법을 찾아 봤다.
효과가 있는지 집에가서 한번 해 봐야 겠다.


1. 콧물 멈추는법  4가지 상식 (source: http://www.himnara.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=J0&wr_id=102)

1).콧물이 나오는 이유
코는 공기의 오염 물질과 세균을 제거하며 머리의 온도를 조절하는 기능을 합니다.
코 안에는 코안의 점막으로 공기의 오염 물질을 유도하는 콧털이 있으며 다열섬모상피로 덮혀 있는 부비강이 양쪽으로 4개씩 있으며 이곳에서 오염된 물질과 세균을 처리하여 콧물이라고하는 물질 밖으로 처리합니다.

코를 세게 풀면 이관(유스타키오관)에 충격을 주게 되어 중이염이나 이명에 걸릴수 있으니 조심하셔야 합니다.

2).코 지압하기
비강을 가볍게 3초 누르고 2초 쉽니다. 막힌 콧구멍을 위로 하고 3~5분 지압하면 막힌 콧구멍을 뚫리게 되지만

콧물이 밑으로 내려가므로 아래 코가 막히게 됩니다.
그러면 다시 반대로 합니다. 4~5일이 되면 피딱지가 떨어져 나오는데, 축농증, 비염, 코감기는 완전히 낫기는 하지만 재발할수 있으니 지속적으로 해주어야 합니다.

3).콧구멍 세척법
콧물 멈추는 법중 한가지 콧구멍을 세척하는 방법이 있습니다. 물 또는 소금물로 코를 세척을 해줍니다.

한 쪽을 막고 빨대로 빨아드려 입으로 내 뱉으면 증상이 완화됩니다.
술관 담배와 관계없이 알레르기성 비염, 축녹증에 효과있습니다.

4).무즙 바르기
맵지 않은 무를 강판에 갈아 즙을 만들어 줍니다. 면봉으로 무즙을 콧구멍 안쪽에 발라줍니다.
코막힘과 콧물에 효과적입니다.

2. 효과 본 콧물 멈추는 방법 (source: http://blog.daum.net/jkhjysyj/41)

여태껏 잔병치레 하나도 안하던 6살 울 딸내미

강원도 횡성에서 살다가 수원으로 이사온지 4달째

이사오면서부터 여지껏 코감기에 시달리고 있다

공기 좋은 시골에서 살다가 도시로 와서 비염이 생긴 것 같기도 하고...

병원을 가볼까 하다가 애기까지 있어 귀찮아서 말고 말고 하다

인터넷으로 우선 콧물 멈추는 법이 있는지 알아보던 중 기막힌 방법을 발견했다

누가 발견했는지 효과 본 나로선 정말 존경할 뿐이다^^

콧물 멈추는 법은

대파의 뿌리부분에 흰색의 얇은 막을 한겹 띠어서 코 윗부분에

살짝 붙여주시면 콧물 뚝이라는 사실!

애들은 좀 안 좋은게 어른은 참을 수 있겠지만 애들은 코 바로 위에 붙이니 매워서 눈을 못뜨는 것 같다

그래서 애들은 잠들고 나서 몰래 붙여주면 된다

중간에 뒤척여 떼어진다 해도 이 방법이 최선인것 같다

그렇게 하고 다음날 되면 바로 효과 나타난다

우리 딸 거의 하루종일 코를 풀어 콧속이 헐고 아파하고 휴지 한통 다 쓰고 하는데

그 담날 2,3시까지 서너번 정도만 풀어줬다

그리고 풀때 콧물도 맑지 않고 걸쭉하니 깔끔하게 떨어졌다

2,3시가 지나면 효과가 없는 것 같았다

그래도 딸이 고통스러워해서 항상 잘때만 붙여준다

그래도 이것만 해도 감지덕지다

병원에 가서 약처방 받아오고, 약국에서 콧물시럽 먹고 이래도 콧물이 계속 주르륵 이었는데

확실히 파가 효과가 있는것 같다

콧물 때문에 진짜 괴로우신 분들..강추입니당~

Why Graph Search Is Facebook’s Big Data Solution

source: http://www.lattice-engines.com/resources/infographics/facebook-graph-search

Why Graph Search Is Facebook’s Big Data Solution

By Lattice Engines March 05, 2013

Like this infographic? Get more sales and marketing information here: http://www.lattice-engines.com/resource-center/knowledge-hub

통신사 무료 고객센터 전화

통신사 (sk, lg, kt) 무료 고객 센터 전화번호와 카드사 은행의 고객센터 전화번호 모음입니다.

http://ohflower.tistory.com/9

항생제내성기전

source: 항생제내성기전


항생제내성기전
이연희
서울여자대학교 자연과학대학 환경생명과학부
한국과학재단 항생제내성균주은행



자연내성과 획득 내성이란 무엇인가?
세균의 항생제에 대한 내성은 크게 자연내성(intrinsic
resistance)과 획득내성(acquired resistance)으로 나뉜다. 1) 자
연내성은 균속(genus) 혹은 균종(species)에 따라 특이하며, 항
생제의 범위는 자연내성에 의해서 결정된다. 그 예로, 밴코마이
신은 그람양성세균에 대해서는 항균력이 강하지만, 그람음성세
균에 대한 항균력은 없는데, 이는 밴코마이신의 분자가 크고, 소
수성(hydrophobic)이어서 그람음성세균의 외막을 투과할 수 없
기 때문이다. 2) 획득내성은 세균의 염색체 유전자 변이(mutation)
나, 프라즈미드(plasmid) 혹은 트랜스포존(transposon)에 매개되
는 내성 유전자의 획득에 의해서 생기며, 일부 균주만이 갖게
된다. 그 예로 Enterococcus faecalis 대부분은 밴코마이신에
감수성이지만, 일부 균주는 vanA 혹은 vanB 유전자를 획득하
여 밴코마이신에 내성을 가지게 된다.

내성 유전자는 어디에 위치하며 어떻게 전달되나?

내성 유전자는 염색체(chromosome) 혹은 프라즈미드(plasmid)
에 존재한다. 염색체(chromosomal) DNA는 안정적인데 반하여,
프라즈미드(plasmid) DNA는 균 종내 혹은 균 종간 심지어는
균 속간을 손쉽게 이동할 수 있다. 또한 프라즈미드는 여러 가
지 내성 유전자를 동시에 지닐 수 있기 때문에, 여러 가지 항
생제에 대한 내성을 한번에 전달할 수 있다. 내성 유전자의 전
달 방 법 은 접 합 (conjugation), 형 질 도 입 (transduction:
bacteriophage에 의한 내성 유전자 전달), 전환 (transformation,
균종 간 DNA의 직접 전달) 등 다양하다. 이 중 접합은 가장
흔한 내성전달 기전이며(35), 그 매개체는 프라즈미드(10,19) 혹
은 트랜스포존(36) 등이 있다. 트랜스포존은 내성 유전자를 지
니고 세균 사이를 자유롭게 건너다니기 때문에‘conjugative
transposon’혹은‘jumping gene’이라고도 불리운다.

.......

NARMS and EARSS

주요 내성균을대상으로 항균제 내성 양상 조사 기관.

National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 

http://www.cdc.gov/narms/index.html

NARMS is a collaboration among Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Center for Veterinary Medicine) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Research Service).

The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for Enteric Bacteria was established in 1996, within the framework of the CDC's Emerging Infections Program's Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Program and the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet).

 

European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)

http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/MicrobiologyAntimicrobialResistance/EuropeanAntimicrobialResistanceSurveillanceSystemEARSS/

Ireland is one of 31 countries contributing to the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), which aims to provide comparable and validated data on the prevalence and spread of major invasive bacteria with clinically and epidemiologically relevant antimicrobial resistance in Europe. Information on antimicrobial resistance levels in Ireland, educational and resource materials on antimicrobial resistance and additional information on the bacteria included in EARSS can be found here.

    

Alexander Project - then benefits from a decade of surveillance

source: http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/suppl_2/ii3.full.pdf

핸드폰 청소법

우리가 일상생활에서 만지는 것 중에 엄청난 세균이 있지만 그리 대수롭지 않게 사용하는 것이 있다.  아래 링크는 핸드폰이나 마우스 등 에 있는 세균을 효과적으로 청소할 수 있는 팁을 알려 주고 있다. 그러나 제일 중요한 것은 손, 항상 손을 청결하게 하는게 첫 번째임.

http://blog.naver.com/rac0nteur/70036862870

여기는 10초만에 끝내는 핸드폰 청소법 : http://blog.daum.net/yeshira/1693

임상환자 항생제 내성 관리시스템 구축사업-주요 내성 세균 항균제 내성율 분석

과제정보

과제명	임상환자 항생제 내성 관리시스템 구축사업-주요 내성 세균 항균제 내성율 분석
기관명	식품의약품안전청	담당부서	식품의약품안전평가원 연구기획조정과
전화번호		연구기간	2003-03-01~ 2003-11-30
연구분야	식품안전

연구결과 정보

제목	임상환자 항생제 내성 관리시스템 구축사업-주요 내성 세균 항균제 내성율 분석
연구보고서	03052항내안750-2.pdf ( 591.41 KB )
목차	제 1 장 서론 ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 제 2 장 국내·외 기술개발 현황 ------------------------------------------- 8 제 3 장 연구개발 수행 내용 및 결과 --------------------------------------- 9 제 4 장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 --------------------------------- 17 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용성과 및 계획 ---------------------------------- 18 제 6 장 기타 중요변경사항 ---------------------------------------------- 19 제 7 장 참고문헌 ------------------------------------------------------ 20
초록	본 연구에서는 세균 감염증 환자 치료를 위한 올바른 항균제 사용 지침 및 국가적인 내성 관리시스템 을 구축하기 위하여 다음 연구를 진행하였다. 총괄과제에서는 전국 12개 대학 및 종합병원 환자에서 2003년 2월-7월에 분리된 주요 세균, 즉 S. aureus, E. faecalis. E. faecium, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii 및 H. influenzae의 항균제 내성율을 조사하였다. 세부과제에서는 S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii 및 S. marcescens를 대상으로 내성양상, 기전 및 분자역학적 성상을 규명하였다. 총괄과제인 주요 세균의 항균제 내성율은 다음과 같다. MRSA의 비율은 66%이었으나, vancomycin에 내성인 균주는 없었다. Vancomycin 내성 E. faecium은 22%이었고 penicillin에 비감수성인 S. pneumoniae의 비율은 73%이었다. 제3세대 cephalosporin 내성 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae는 각각 9-12% 와 18-21%이었고, C. freundii, E. cloacae와 S. marcescens의 경우는 12-37%이었다. Imipenem 내성 A. baumannii와 P. aeruginosa는 각각 23%와 25%이었다. 즉 국내 분리주의 주요 항균제 내성율은 외 국에 비하여 현저히 높았고, 일부 내성균은 최근 증가하는 경향이었다. 제 1 세부 과제 결과 MRSA중 vancomycin, linezolid에 내성인 균주는 없었고, 소수의 균주에서 chloramphenicol (3%), rifampin (5%), nitrofurantoin (2%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (1%)에 내성을 보 였다. SCCmec type IV 로 규명된 균주에 대한 PFGE 분석에서 다양한 양상을 보여서 국내 분리 MRSA는 다수의 clone에서 유래된 것으로 판단되었다. 제 2 세부 과제 결과 2002년 수집된 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 각 260주 중 ESBL 생성 균주는 각각 8%와 28%이었다. TEM형 ESBL 유전자는 TEM-116이 가장 흔하였고, TEM-19, TEM-20, TEM-52도 검출되었다. SHV형 ESBL 유전자는 대부분인 SHV-12를, 소수에서 SHV-2a를 생성하였다. CTX-M ESBL 형은 CTX-M-3, 3주, CTX-M-15, 2주 및 CTX-M-14, 4주가 검출되었다. 2003년도에 12개 대상 기관에서 분리된 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 중 ESBL 생성균주의 비율은 각각 10%와 23%이었다. 즉, 국내 분리 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 균주 중에는 ESBL 균주가 흔함을 알 수 있었다. 제 3 세부 과제 결과 AmpC 생성 E. cloacae의 34%, C. freundii의 22% 및 S. marcescens의 19%가 ESBL을 생성하여 이들 균종에서도 ESBL 생성 균주가 흔함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이들 균종에 있어 서의 ESBL 검출 시험은 중요하나, 현재 표준화되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 이들 균종에서의 ESBL 검출을 위해서는 cefepime 디스크를 이용한 double disk synergy 시험이 유용하였다. 특히, E. cloacae 의 경우 Mueller-Hinton agar에 cloxacillin을 첨가하는 것이 ESBL 검출율을 향상시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 임상검사실에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구 결과는 세균감염증 치료를 위한 자료로 사용됨은 물론 내성세균의 확산 방지를 위한 대책, 내성기전 연구 및 새로운 항균제 개발에 중요한 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다."   본 연구에서는 세균 감염증 환자 치료를 위한 올바른 항균제 사용 지침 및 국가적인 내성 관리시스템 을 구축하기 위하여 다음 연구를 진행하였다. 총괄과제에서는 전국 12개 대학 및 종합병원 환자에서 2003년 2월-7월에 분리된 주요 세균, 즉 S. aureus, E. faecalis. E. faecium, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii 및 H. influenzae의 항균제 내성율을 조사하였다. 세부과제에서는 S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii 및 S. marcescens를 대상으로 내성양상, 기전 및 분자역학적 성상을 규명하였다. 총괄과제인 주요 세균의 항균제 내성율은 다음과 같다. MRSA의 비율은 66%이었으나, vancomycin에 내성인 균주는 없었다. Vancomycin 내성 E. faecium은 22%이었고 penicillin에 비감수성인 S. pneumoniae의 비율은 73%이었다. 제3세대 cephalosporin 내성 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae는 각각 9-12% 와 18-21%이었고, C. freundii, E. cloacae와 S. marcescens의 경우는 12-37%이었다. Imipenem 내성 A. baumannii와 P. aeruginosa는 각각 23%와 25%이었다. 즉 국내 분리주의 주요 항균제 내성율은 외 국에 비하여 현저히 높았고, 일부 내성균은 최근 증가하는 경향이었다. 제 1 세부 과제 결과 MRSA중 vancomycin, linezolid에 내성인 균주는 없었고, 소수의 균주에서 chloramphenicol (3%), rifampin (5%), nitrofurantoin (2%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (1%)에 내성을 보 였다. SCCmec type IV 로 규명된 균주에 대한 PFGE 분석에서 다양한 양상을 보여서 국내 분리 MRSA는 다수의 clone에서 유래된 것으로 판단되었다. 제 2 세부 과제 결과 2002년 수집된 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 각 260주 중 ESBL 생성 균주는 각각 8%와 28%이었다. TEM형 ESBL 유전자는 TEM-116이 가장 흔하였고, TEM-19, TEM-20, TEM-52도 검출되었다. SHV형 ESBL 유전자는 대부분인 SHV-12를, 소수에서 SHV-2a를 생성하였다. CTX-M ESBL 형은 CTX-M-3, 3주, CTX-M-15, 2주 및 CTX-M-14, 4주가 검출되었다. 2003년도에 12개 대상 기관에서 분리된 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 중 ESBL 생성균주의 비율은 각각 10%와 23%이었다. 즉, 국내 분리 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 균주 중에는 ESBL 균주가 흔함을 알 수 있었다. 제 3 세부 과제 결과 AmpC 생성 E. cloacae의 34%, C. freundii의 22% 및 S. marcescens의 19%가 ESBL을 생성하여 이들 균종에서도 ESBL 생성 균주가 흔함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이들 균종에 있어 서의 ESBL 검출 시험은 중요하나, 현재 표준화되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 이들 균종에서의 ESBL 검출을 위해서는 cefepime 디스크를 이용한 double disk synergy 시험이 유용하였다. 특히, E. cloacae 의 경우 Mueller-Hinton agar에 cloxacillin을 첨가하는 것이 ESBL 검출율을 향상시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 임상검사실에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구 결과는 세균감염증 치료를 위한 자료로 사용됨은 물론 내성세균의 확산 방지를 위한 대책, 내성기전 연구 및 새로운 항균제 개발에 중요한 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.